General Relativity & Quantum Cosmology

Recent progress in gravitational wave astronomy has spurred the development of efficient tools to describe gravitational binary dynamics. One such tool is classical worldline effective field theory (EFT). In the first part of my talk, I will show how to use this EFT for systematic studies of tidal heating and deformations (Love numbers) of compact objects. I will present a gauge-invariant definition of Love numbers and show how to extract them in a coordinate-independent way from scattering amplitudes of the gravitational Raman process. I will show that the worldline EFT exhibits strong fine-tuning when applied to black holes. This gives rise to a naturalness paradox associated with the vanishing of black hole static Love numbers. In the second part of my talk, I will present a new symmetry of black holes (Love symmetry) that elegantly resolves this paradox. The Love symmetry is tightly connected to isometries of extremal black holes that appear in many holographic constructions. It also provides a curious example of IR/UV mixing, which may give insights for other hierarchy problems.

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Extended BMS symmetry is believed to be a fundamental symmetry of any classical gravitational scattering process, as well as of the quantum gravity S-matrix. We explore this property using the BRST formulation of BMS symmetry, which allows to construct a non trivial solution of the Wess-Zumino consistency condition at the null boundaries of spacetime. We interpret this solution as an anomaly for asymptotic BRST Ward identities for superrotations. By relating them to the leading and subleading soft graviton theorem, we recover the well known results that the leading soft theorem is exact at all loop in perturbation theory without ever referring to Feynman diagrams, while the anomaly for superrotations is at the origin of the 1-loop correction to the subleading soft factor. This construction provides a rigorous, fully quantum origin for the invariance of the S-matrix under asymptotic symmetries.

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Recent horizon-scale images of Messier 87* and Sagittarius A* have been used to demonstrate that their spacetimes are well-described by the Kerr metric. The latter is a solution to the vacuum Einstein equations of general relativity, and is used to describe spinning black holes. While of fundamental importance, it has undesirable features such as a spacetime singularity or a Cauchy horizon. To find phenomenological resolutions of such features, using observations, studies of astrophysical processes in non-Kerr spacetimes have recently gained prominence. We will begin by briefly reviewing the current status of observational constraints on such alternatives. We will then demonstrate how future observations of the "photon ring" can grant access to new observables that will refine our physical understanding of strong-gravity. We will end by sketching how, using state-of-the-art numerical simulations, the energetics of relativistic outflows (jets) is universally described by a simple electromagnetic Penrose process (the Blandford-Znajek mechanism).

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When the spacetime metric is regarded as a quantum field, the classical trajectories of freely falling objects are subject to random fluctuations, or “noise”. This fundamental noise might even be observable at gravitational wave detectors: if detected, it would provide experimental evidence for the quantization of gravity. The effect of the quantum-gravitational noise is to turn the classical geodesic deviation equation into a stochastic, Langevin-like equation. Moreover, when these results are extended to congruences of geodesics, the quantum fluctuations of spacetime give rise to an additional term in the Raychaudhuri equation with the same sign as the other terms.

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Gravitational waves detected by advanced ground-based interferometers have given us an unprecedented look at the universe. Yet, a central mystery remains: How are sources of gravitational waves — in particular, black-hole and neutron-star mergers — formed in nature? The measured masses, spins, and redshifts of these compact objects offer some clues to solving this mystery. In this talk, I will describe state-of-the art techniques for characterizing and simulating pairs of black holes and neutron stars. To conclude, I will argue that a multi-pronged approach combining both model-agnostic data analysis and detailed simulations will help unlock the histories of these exotic objects.

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We explore the physical consequences of embedding Einstein gravity with negative cosmological constant in Conformal Gravity in four dimensions. In the bulk, the procedure is equivalent to Holographic Renormalization, as the Einstein-AdS action appears augmented by the correct boundary counterterms. In codimension-2, 4D Conformal Gravity induces a 2D conformal invariant, which leads to a renormalized area for minimal surfaces attached to the conformal boundary. For arbitrary surfaces, this proposal reproduces other energy functionals as Willmore Energy and Reduced Hawking Mass. In particular, this procedure provides a more geometric approach to the computation of Holographic Entanglement Entropy for CFTs dual to 4D Einstein gravity.

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We tackle the question of whether regular black holes or other alternatives to the Schwarzschild solution can arise from an action principle in quantum gravity. Focusing on an asymptotic expansion of such solutions and inspecting the corresponding field equations, we demonstrate that their realization within a principle of stationary action would require either fine-tuning, or strong infrared non-localities in the gravitational effective action. We will also show that the black hole entropy of theories displaying such infrared non-localities diverge. The principle of least action and the consistency of Wald entropy thus yield non-trivial asymptotic constraints on the metric of quantum black holes.

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To set the stage, I discuss different assumptions about physics beyond GR and resulting expectations about where to look for the breakdown of the Kerr paradigm. In particular, I present counterexamples to the prevailing expectation that deviations from GR are necessarily tied to local curvature scales. This provides a motivation to probe for a potential breakdown of black-hole uniqueness, not just for solar-mass but also for supermassive black holes. I will then focus on how to leverage VLBI observations of light emitted in the accretion disk to probe the stationary and axisymmetric background spacetime. I will detail different assumptions about additional hidden symmetries of the spacetime and how to then systematically parameterize deviations. Within such a parametrization, I will demonstrate a systematic lensing-band framework to exclude spacetimes for which an observed VLBI feature cannot arise from geodesics that traversed the equatorial plane more than once. If time permits, I will also address complimentary tests with solar-mass binaries and possible pathways to achieve stable nonlinear evolution.

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I present work done in the last years on the construction of dynamical coordinate systems for highly symmetric backgrounds, such as Minkowski, de Sitter, and FLRW cosmologies, and which are needed in the relational approach to construct gauge-invariant observables in gravity. I show that it is possible to restrict the inevitable non-local contributions to the past light cone such that the obtained observables are causal. Lastly, I present some applications, namely the leading quantum gravitational corrections to the local expansion rate of our universe (the Hubble rate) and the Newtonian gravitational potential.

Based on arXiv:1711.08470, arXiv:1806.11124, arXiv:2108.11960, arXiv:2109.09753, and arXiv:2303.16218.

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Horizons of black holes in equilibrium and null infinity of asymptotically flat space-times are null 3-manifolds but have very different physical connotations. We first show that they share a large number of geometric properties, making them both weakly isolated horizons. We then use this new unified perspective to unravel the origin of the drastic differences in the physics they contain. Interestingly, the themes are woven together in a manner reminiscent of voices in a fugue.The talk is based on joint work with Simone Speziale (arXiv:2401.15618 and arXiv 2401:????).

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In my talk I will review motivation for and construction of an infinite derivative gravity. Especially a connection to the string field theory will be highlighted. Then I will demonstrate an exact embedding of the Starobinsky inflation in this construction. In final part I will speak about modifications to observable compared to local models of inflation: spectral indexes, tensor/to scalar ratio, shapes of non-gaussianities and related parameters, gravitational waves production.

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