Physics

The elementary CuO2 plane sustaining cuprate high temperature superconductivity occurs typically at the base of a periodic array of edge-sharing CuO5 pyramids. Virtual transitions of electrons between adjacent planar Cu and O atoms, occurring at a rate t/ℏ and across the charge-transfer energy gap E, generate ‘superexchange’ spin-spin interactions of energy J≈4t4/E3 in an antiferromagnetic correlated-insulator state. However, hole doping this CuO2 plane converts this into a very high temperature superconducting state whose electron-pairing is exceptional. A leading proposal for the mechanism of this intense electron-pairing is that, while hole doping destroys magnetic order it preserves pair-forming superexchange interactions governed by the charge-transfer energy scale E.

To explore this hypothesis directly at atomic-scale, we developed high-voltage single-electron and electron-pair (Josephson) scanning tunneling microscopy, to visualize the interplay of E and the electron-pair density nP in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x. Changing the distance δ between each pyramid’s apical O atom and the CuO2 plane below, should alter the energy levels of the planar Cu and O orbitals and thus vary E.  Hence, the responses of both E and nP to alterations in δ that occur naturally in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x were visualized. These data revealed, directly at atomic scale, the crux of strongly correlated superconductivity in CuO2: the response of the electron-pair condensate to varying the charge transfer energy. Strong concurrence between these observations and recent three-band Hubbard model DMFT predictions for superconductivity in hole-doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x (PNAS 118, e2106476118 (2021)) indicate that charge-transfer superexchange is the electron-pairing mechanism (PNAS 119, 2207449119 (2022)).

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95592484157?pwd=YU56Wno3WnBIUTlyaC9VSHJ3cGxZUT09

The AdS/CFT correspondence (Anti-de Sitter gravity/ conformal field theory correspondence), also referred to as holography, provides the first example of a duality relating a gravity theory to a quantum field theory without gravity. The gravity theory involved describes the hyperbolic bulk spacetime and the quantum field theory its boundary. This duality has its origin within string theory. Recent developments based on both quantum information theory and the physics of black holes raise the question if dualities of this type exist more generally, even beyond string theory. As a specific example, I will describe recent progress towards establishing a duality based on a discretisation of hyperbolic Anti-de Sitter space that is obtained by a regular tiling with polygons. I will explain how to obtain a dual Hamiltonian on the boundary that reflects properties of the bulk tiling, and describe its properties. This research direction is related to recent developments in mathematics, quantum information, condensed matter physics and electrical engineering, making it truly interdisciplinary. I will  conclude by giving an outlook on the next steps to be followed in view of obtaining a full discrete duality.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95553458965?pwd=bHZIamd3Q1BNRjBhZGk5Y1BPK0d6QT09

It has been argued astronomy and astrophysics as a research field developed with the first telescope.  At the same time that Galileo observed the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter, European Powers will colonizing the Americas and other parts of the world.  This began a relationship between astronomy and colonization that continues today in terms of astronomers and nations building giant telescopes on Indigenous lands.  In the future as private actors develop a new space industry we will see the export of this colonialism to Space, to the Moon and one day even to Mars. We are already seeing this today with the development of satellite constellations, some of which are visible by the unaided eye and with the multinational Artemis Accords for lunar exploration.  In this talk I will review the relation between astronomy and colonization in the past, present, and future; and I will discuss steps educators and astronomers can take to address this in the classroom and how the field of astronomy and space exploration can be inclusive of Indigenous rights and voices.

Zoom link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95620288526?pwd=dW9ReW5FUVp3TWFmUVUxZjV5VFhNdz09

Quantum mechanics is a cornerstone of modern physics. Just as the 19th century was called the Machine Age and the 20th century the Information Age, the 21st century promises to go down in history as the Quantum Age. Quantum Computing promises unprecedented speed in solving certain classes of problems while Quantum Cryptography promises unconditional security in communications. In this talk, I will discuss the world of single and entangled photons and also discuss ongoing work towards quantum computing, quantum information and quantum cryptography in our Quantum Information and Computing lab at the Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru. I will end with our broad vision for the future, which includes establishment of long distance secure quantum communications in India and beyond involving satellite based, fibre based as well as integrated photonics based approaches towards the global quantum internet.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94788493307?pwd=QTlUaTY4Nm1IS3hyeUFIbVFKV3RMQT09

In 1965, Lévy-Leblond introduced the ultra-relativistic cousin of the Poincaré symmetry and named it the Carrollian symmetry after Lewis Carroll (the pseudonym of the author of Alice’s adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass). It can be seen as the counterpart of the non relativistic Galilean symmetry. Since then, Carrollian symmetry has become an active research topic in various fields, ranging from field theories, hydrodynamics, and more recently, gravity and black holes. In this talk, I will give an introductory review of the Carrollian symmetry and Carrollian physics, especially focusing on the emergence of Carrollian hydrodynamics in gravity and black holes

Over the past decade, many infrared phenomena of gauge theories, such as soft theorems and memory effects, have been shown to be manifestations of asymptotic symmetries which persist to the spacetime boundary. In this talk, I will discuss ongoing work, in collaboration with Robert Myers and Ana-Maria Raclariu, which recasts the asymptotic symmetries of gauge theories in Minkowski spacetime through conformal mappings. Through a mapping to the Einstein static universe, I will describe how conservation of asymptotic charge can be viewed as a smoothness constraint for image sources passing through spacelike infinity. Additionally, I will sketch how asymptotic charge flux through a subregion of null infinity is mapped to edge modes. This will then allow us to quantify fluctuations in asymptotic charge flux by relation to edge mode entropies, which have been well-studied in literature. Altogether, the general theme of my talk will be how new insights can be obtained by conformally mapping asymptotic structures of gauge theories to various settings.

The detection of gravitational waves has opened up new observational windows into the physics of black holes and has the potential to shed light on how imposing unitary evolution modifies the near horizon dynamics. In this talk, I will present how recent developments in holography have provided a way of understanding the physics of black hole thermalization in terms of the spacing statistics of black hole microstates. Based on this, I will suggest that the issue of measuring the quantum aspects of black holes from their ringdown depends on the spectral statistics of their microstates. I will then suggest that certain microstate statistics lend to the possibility of deviations in the ringdown behaviour of black holes in the form of “echoes” which might be interpreted as being due to Planck-scale microstructure near the horizon.

I will discuss work-in-progress for defining a new proposal for the covariant holographic entanglement entropy. The proposal instructs us to find maximal spacelike codimension-2 surfaces on timelike hypersurfaces in the bulk, followed by a minimization among all possible hypersurfaces in the right homology class. We describe and prove various properties of such minimax surfaces, and argue for their equivalence with the more familiar HRT and maximin proposals. Finally, we give compelling reasons to be interested in yet another entanglement entropy proposal: minimax surfaces allow us to prove all higher entropy cone inequalities, showing that the RT and HRT holographic entropy cones are indeed equivalent.

Many non-trivial ideas have been proposed to resolve singularities in quantum gravity. In this talk I argue that singularity resolution can be trivial in gravitational path integrals, because geodesically incomplete singular spacetimes are usually not included in the sum. For theories where this holds, there is no need to develop non-trivial ideas on singularity resolution. Instead, efforts should better be directed to understand tunneling processes and complex-valued spacetimes.

The semi-classical limit of spin foams leads to the Area Regge action. It was long thought that this action leads to flatness and does, in particular, not allow for propagating gravitons. I will present the first systematic studies of the continuum limit of the Area Regge action, using different versions of regular hypercubic lattices. These studies have shown that the Area Regge action does in its continuum limit, lead to leading order to general relativity, and thus to propagating gravitons. The higher order corrections depend on the choice of triangulation for the hypercubic lattice. However, there seems to be a preferred choice, for which the Area Regge action is not singular. In this case the correction term approximates the square of the Weyl curvature tensor, and can be interpreted to arise from an area metric dynamics. We therefore conjecture that the continuum limit of spin foams is described by an area metric theory.