Astrophysics

A number of mechanisms have been introduced in previous literature that might be responsible for transitions between metastable minima in a scalar field theory coupled to gravity. The connection between these transition mechanisms has remained unclear, and current formulations of eternal inflation only include a subset of the allowed processes. In the first part of this talk, I will discuss how a number of transition mechanisms can be unified in the thin-wall limit, with interesting consequences for quantum cosmology and eternal inflation. I will then discuss making predictions in an eternally inflating universe, and introduce a measure for eternal inflation that is based on transitions rather than vacua.

Non-Gaussianities are a generic prediction of multi-field inflationary models and within reach of upcoming experiments. After reviewing current observational limits and the physical origin of a non-zero three point correlation function, I will discuss the possibility of detectable non-Gaussian signatures in a certain class of multi-field inflationary models, upon which assisted inflation/N-flation lies. Using the delta-N formalism within the slow roll approximation and focusing on N-flation (quadratic potentials without cross-coupling), we will see that said signatures are suppressed as the number of e-foldings grows, and that this suppression is increased in models with a broad spectrum of masses. We thus conclude that the production of a large non-Gaussian signal in models of this type is very unlikely.

At large scales the CMB spectrum measured by WMAP appears to have an anomalously low power of the quadrupole and an asymmetry of power at l < 40. We show that with an initial stage of fast roll of the inflation and a gradient in the initial conditions a simple chaotic inflation model may be capable of explaining both anomalies.

I consider a six dimensional space-time, in which two of the dimensions are compactified by a flux. Matter can be localized on a codimension one brane coupled to the bulk gauge field and wrapped around an axis of symmetry of the internal space. By studying the linear perturbations around this background, I show that the gravitational interaction between sources on the brane is described by Einstein 4d gravity at large distances. This is one of the first complete study of gravity in a realistic brane model with two extra dimensions, in which the mechanism of stabilization of the extra space is fully taken into account.

I discuss two instances in which nonlinear perturbations in cosmological models are important. First, in de Sitter space-time, the bare necessity that the perturbations should be part of a consistent Taylor expansion of the field equations leads to the requirement, using the 'linearization stability' arguments of the '70's, that the quantum field theory of a scalar field on de Sitter space-time is manifestly de Sitter invariant (not covariant). Second, the concern that in slow-roll inflation the effect of second order perturbations on the long wavelength (super Hubble) perturbations could be much stronger than that of the first order perturbations, for a wide range of slow-roll conditions, is explored in the context of a linear inflation potential and chaotic inflation.

Modified gravity models seem to have classical instabilities, ghosts degrees of freedom and superluminal modes. Besides these constraints new dynamical bounds have found to be typical of these models. The cosmological nature of all these constraints is discussed.

Existence of dark energy and nonzero nu mass are two most exciting discoveries of recent years. More excitingly, the similarity between the energy scales of these two raise the question: "Are they related?" I will explore how such connection could be there in nature and its cosmological consequences mainly in structure formation.

It will be shown that eternal inflation of the random walk type is generically absent in the brane inflationary scenario. Eternal inflation will be analysed both in the context of KKLMMT and the DBI inflationary models. A Langevin analysis will be employed for a more careful treatment. The DBI action, and the relativistic nature of the brane motion in DBI inflationary model, leads to new subtleties in formulating a Langevin approach.

The initial conditions for structure formation, and hence the dark matter distribution on sub-galactic scales, depend on the microphysics of the dark matter in the early Universe. I will focus on WIMPs and explain how collisional damping and free-streaming erase perturbations on comoving scales k> ~1/pc. Consequently the first structures to form in the Universe are mini-halos with mass of order the Earth. I will then describe the status of calculations of the subsequent dynamical evolution of these mini-halos. Finally, if time permits, I'll briefly overview the microphysics of axions.

If low-scale supersymmetry exists in nature, then it it will be very likely that a number of superpartners will be discovered at the LHC. It is also very likely, however, that much of the supersymmetric spectrum will go unobserved, leaving many important holes in our understanding of the TeV scale. Direct and indirect astrophysical probes of neutralino dark matter can enable for some of these holes to be filled. By studying the interactions of the lightest neutralino, in many models, a much more complete understanding of supersymmetry can be achieved than is possible by using hadron colliders alone.